Abstract Forensics is a field of science that dates back to the 6th century. However, questions have been raised within the legal circles concerning its reliability as far as it is used in coming up with convictions. In the recent past, much post-conviction exoneration has taken place after the revisiting...
Summary The last few decades have been characterized by immense global changes that have affected the technological, political, social, economic, cultural and environmental areas of daily life. A multifaceted advancement in technology has prompted a social process that enhanced the information exchange around the globe that serves the sharing of...
The changes in legislation can profoundly shape the experiences of many people, but the importance of such changes often goes unnoticed. This paper is aimed at discussing one of the legal acts strongly influenced many stakeholders. In particular, it is necessary to focus on the Occupational Safety and Health Act...
Introduction The HIPPA Act of 1996 is a federal law that addresses various areas under health care. The areas include health insurance, confidentiality of the patients, the administrative costs of health care, as well as the security of information relating to health care. The HIPAA Act was especially keen on...
Overview This chapter will explore a number of viewpoints on the authority of an agent of UPICC and Commercial Agents Regulation in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Firstly, the introduction provides a summary describing a systematic exploration of the The Commercial Agency Act. then, it anlysis that nature of Authority...
Introduction White collar crime has been an issue of concern in the recent part. According to Benson and Simpson (2009, p. 67), white collar crime refers to “a financially motivated nonviolent crime committed for illegal financial gains”. According to these scholars, white collar crime has been on the rise in...
Introduction In Australia and other common law counties, there are two main sources of legal decisions namely the judicial decisions (common law) and legislation acts (statutory law) (Ponzetto and Fernandez, 2008). In terms of common law, this type of law (rule system) is derived from English law. Common law, also...
Introduction Companies seek competitiveness and higher profit generation every year; this has caused significant diversion from ethical codes that have long stood to lift them. Due to their dominance in the global business, it has been difficult for governments across the world to have complete control of their activities. Business...
Introduction Right after the colonial era, there was a tremendous increase in risks and challenges to foreign investments. During the colonial period, there was an absolute protection for any investor coming from an imperial state provided that he was transferring his assets to the colonies. However, after independence, this ceased...
Introduction In present society, almost every aspect of an individual’s life is tied to or dependent on computer information systems. Day-to-day activities for individuals are contracted with some level of interaction on cyberspace. Such interactions consist and revolve around extracting information and sending information. These activities are sensitive and call...
Introduction Legal provisions in any territory ensure that citizens are protected from offense by others or that their properties are equally protected. Such offenses are at times inevitable leading to individuals and parties being in disputes. There are legally recognized institutions that have been instituted to examine constitutional violations of...
Introduction Risk can be defined as threat or likelihood of a damage, loss or injury. The negative happening can be caused by internal or external factors, actions or inactions. Every company or organization has its level of risk. The acceptable level of risk is defined by legal and regulatory department...
Over the years, the number of delinquents has always been on an increasing trend. This has caused serious concerns with various researchers seeking to determine the root cause of this predicament. However, it is imperative for one (scholars) to draw a clear line between a child and adult offenders before...
Department of Homeland Security The department of homeland security utilizes resources at its disposal to coordinate the transition of multiple agencies into an integrated agency that is responsible for the protection of Americans in their homeland. The department provides its services to the federal government, states and local governments in...
Introduction Nevada is one of the 50 states in America; located 39° 148’ to the north and 119°743’ to the east. What makes this state a pleasant place to live in is its low cost of living due to less tax imposition, lower health costs and minimal pollution. However, crime...
Executive Summary This empirical study on business rescue would provide insight on how the Companies Act no.71 of 2008 would contribute the leading South African companies to overcome the recessional impact. The paper has organised the case study of ARM, a leading South African company, which seriously evidenced the recessional...
Introduction Latent fingerprints refer to marks found at crime scene which may be invisible to naked eye. If fingerprints at crime scene are noticeable, for instance left on some other discernable medium such as blood), they are not latent fingerprints. Usually, forensic experts use fumes, fingerprint power and other procedures...
Introduction Background Information Terrorism is a global security issue that has become a central subject in the safety of humans across the world. For decades, wars have been taking political and economic dimensions, where different nations compete for common resources and markets. However, the advent of terrorism in the 21st...
Historical Background Occupational heath psychology is a very old phenomenon and the concern related to workers’ health and safety is not just a national issue; this issue has have been affecting the global economy. At both national and international levels, it is understood that employees’ protection at work place is...
Abstract The aim of this paper is to discuss and provide general information about international intellectual property particularly the trademark law. Throughout the paper, I will discuss about intellectual property and analyze the role of trademark law in dealing with cultural issue, economic matters, and technological advancement. The paper will...
Introduction The criminal justice system is a vital component of the executive government that is involved with the practices of institutions such as police departments, court system and the correctional facilities. The criminal justice system is held with ensuring that social controls are upheld, it is responsible for coming up...
Introduction Most people are not familiar with the reality of legal issues today, the truth is that plea bargains are relatively more common than trial cases in the court which can be traced from time immemorial. Indeed, statistics present today clearly indicate that about 90% of all unlawful convictions are...
Background Worldwide, maritime transportation is the single most popular medium of movement that is commonly used in international trade; in fact, it is estimated to account for as much as 85% of all trade that takes place globally as far as international trade is concerned (Christiansen, Fagerholt, Nygreen and Ronen,...
Introduction Juveniles consist of young children and youth offenders who have not yet attained the age of adulthood (in most cases eighteen years) while Juvenile delinquency is the engagement of children and youthful offenders in criminal activities. Crime is an aspect that has raised concern among individuals, groups and organizations...
Introduction A prison is a place where people are physically detained and normally denied a range of personal rights. An individual guilty of an offense is legally punishable by and can be imprisoned or incarcerated depending on the country’s systems. These forms of punishment are aimed at changing the prisoners’...
Abstract Drugs and crime are intractable challenges even as technology continues to enhance the crime combating capacity of security agencies. Studies have increasingly pointed to the idea that crime and drugs are inextricably linked, but some scholars argue that there is no direct causal relationship between the two. This study...
Introduction Intellectual property refers to any creation of mind; such as every great expression and wonderful products that have a human origin (Bainbridge, 2009). Individual’s creative expressions and innovations have some good value and therefore the need to protect them; indeed, work of art, music, writing, film making, symbols, names...
Introduction Drugs are substances which are consumed by an individual to induce some desired effects in the body and thoughts of that individual, not as may be prescribed by a physician (Rees 23). Examples of drugs include cocaine and heroin. When used for the wrong reasons and in the wrong...
Abstract Network infrastructure is constantly under threat and it is the role of network administrator to ensure that the system is protected from threats and vulnerabilities. Honeytraps which comprise of Honeypots and honeynets have been proposed as effective tools for network forensics since they assist by capturing data and analyzing...
Contract and Its Discharge A contract is always defined as an act of bringing an agreement between two or more people who intend to come up with a legally binding obligation. In most cases, the word binding is always used to ensure that the contract is valid and enforceable. In...
Introduction The Federal Security Management Act (FISMA) initiate was aimed at providing detailed machinery and guidelines to be followed to ensure that there was effectiveness in risk management processes through reporting on a security compliance with a set on internal controls. The act contains clauses that seek to protect information,...
Forensics scientists are responsible for compiling scientific evidence from a crime scene and present it during a court trial. One of the most convincing evidence in a crime scene is the presence of DNA. DNA can be retrieved from blood, saliva or hair. Perhaps one of the most publicized murder...
Death Penalty Abolishment Death penalty refers to legal process of terminating a person’s life as a way of punishment depending on the crimes the person has committed against that law. Some states have up to date held to death penalties whereas some states have actually abolished death penalties. Two states...
Introduction This report is a presentation made by JRA & Consultants regarding the future of the Juvenile Justice System. A juvenile can be defined as a person who is below a specific age and commits criminal offenses. In some states, a juvenile is a person who is below 16 years...
Introduction The concept of organized crime is controversial and its definition has usually been difficult. It can however be generally defined as an activity where two or more individuals come together on a constant and reserved basis with an intention of committing stern criminal acts to attain financial and other...
Introduction The constitution of the United States of America protects its citizens against unreasonable raids from the police force or the authorities. Incase a police officer wants to conduct a search he or she must be armed with a search warrant issued by the relevant authorities in this case an...
Introduction Computer forensics refers to the use of a computer expert program to collect, interpret, preserve, analyze and produce data from either volatile or non-volatile media storage devices. It is a branch of digital forensic science that is related to examining digital media in a forensic manner with the main...
Introduction The advent of the European Union and subsequent enlisting of the United Kingdom among its members brought drastic changes to the style of governance that the UK was accustomed to. The historical motley of the executive, judicial and legislative power that characterized the monarchy were inconsistent with the doctrine...
Introduction According to Barnes (pp. 2-3), the use of fingerprints is one of the most dependable ways of identifying different individuals who possess unique fingerprint patterns. Historically, dating experiments show that builders of the Egyptian pyramids were the first to trace the first human fingerprints more than 4,000 years ago....
Introduction Islamic bank is a term used to define financial institutions that are governed by tenets of Islamic laws and regulations.1 Islamic banking system is quite different from financial practices of mainstream banks in more than one way. Basically Islamic banking is similar to mainstream banking in practice and in...
I hereby submit my application to be admitted into the current justice program. I am mostly attracted by the fact that the University is one of the most reputable universities in the state. Over the years I have learnt that persistence is one of the great virtues that help many...
Introduction Inventions and innovations are continually put in place to look for better ways in fighting crime. On the other hand, crime preferences have increased and the way they are executed has changed. To keep in line with the developments, criminal justice system is developing measures aimed at fighting crimes...
Introduction The Oregon law on Aiding Commission of Suicide not Murder which is categorized under the Offences Against Persons laws of the State, makes it illegal for any person to willingly assist another person to commit murder that would not have otherwise been possible without such an input (Lawonecle.com, 2008)....
The importance of a clear understanding of various basic elements of a contract and its acquisition is very critical in the business world. This has been evident in times of dispute in any given contract. The legal of the object to a contract is very crucial. In this case, we...
The government is endowed with the responsibility of protecting citizens from any form of exploitation by making rules and laws that govern them. The laws have been made to cover almost all essential aspects of human activities. It is usually expected that the citizens be personally aware of the legal...
The organization of juvenile justice has witnessed several changes in organization since its inception in the United States of America. At the beginning of the year 1970, the Department of Health and Rehabilitative Services was charged with the responsibility of overseeing juvenile justice intake and corrections, dependency and status offender...
Abstract For a long time, police have been viewed negatively by citizens; mostly as being bullies and rough. With time, authorities realized that for proper delivery of security services, the community had to participate in one way or another. Collaboration therefore between the community members and police in the maintenance...
The Court of Appeal has recently stated that company directors may have personal liability where the company has committed a wrong. There had been considerable doubt and much had been written on whether this could be so or not. Those who thought that company directors could be sheltered from the...
ECJ case law surrounding the articles 56-62 TFEU (49-55TEC) Case 33-74 Johannes Henricus Maria van Binsbergen v Bestuur van de Bedrijfsvereniging voor de Metaalnijverheid [1974] ECR 1299 became the backbone of the direct applicability principle1. In Article 56 of the TFEU, it is stated that nationals from member states shall...
Annotated Bibliography Kamins, B. (2009). Drug Law Reform Act of 2009 brings dramatic changes. New York Law Journal. This article explores the dramatic changes in the US drug legislation which were made in Rockefeller Drug Laws in 2009. It points at the main features in the new legislation, comparing and...
Introduction Criminal law defines what actions constitute a crime. It sets the procedures used in the arrest, searches and seizures, and interrogations of persons suspected of criminal commissions and omissions. Sources of criminal law include: Common law: these are laws that are considered judge-formulated laws which originated from England during...
Indeterminate Sentencing An indeterminate sentence is a sentence enforced to a criminal offence with no definite duration. It does not state a release date and only gives a range of time for which one will be sentenced, such as “ten to fifteen years” (US Legal, 2010). This system was initially...
Introduction The inquisitorial legal system is best defined by comparing it to other legal systems like the adversarial or accusatorial systems as used in the US, Italy and other countries. The function of the court becomes that of a neutral referee between the prosecution and the defence. The system may...
An accused person has the right to plead the fifth. The Fifth Amendment gives an accused person the right to remain silent. In the case of Miranda v Arizona (1966), the supreme court of the United States held that,” In the absence of other effective measures, the following procedures are...
Abstract This essay outlines how inquisitorial and adversarial systems of justice are implemented, discussing their differences and their strength and weakness. Italy was used as an example because it has been using the inquisitorial system of justice until 1988 when it changed to the adversarial system. Moreover, Italy has had...
The intelligence-led policing was a model that was employed to ensure that there is an intelligence-crime reduction which was based on three processes to realize this. They included: law enforcement to interpret the criminal environment, the influence of the decision makers and the decision makers’ impact on the criminal environment....
Introduction The need for use of intelligence in crime control and criminal investigation cannot be underestimated. It has facilitated the making of decisions within the police workforce, helped reduce crime, and helped in the analysis of data important to fighting crime and policing in general. Ratcliffe’s definition of what intelligence-led...
Introduction The perpetrators of probation and community corrections argue that there is a need to find an alternative to imprisonment of nonviolent offenders which is low cost given the financial constraint the federal government is facing. There is a need therefore to understand this alternative and how it works in...
A brief background to the global financial crisis Similar to the previous two large financial crises in modern American history – the Great Depression and the savings and loan crisis – the subprime crisis was prompted by the failure of financial intermediaries to survive considerable macroeconomic price instability. The cause...
Introduction The industrial relation system in United Kingdom has been portrayed by intentional associations among the social partners, without or with less state involvement or interference. In19th century when the country was still under the process of industrialization and political culture which was liberal enabled trade unions to combine their...
Introduction to Shariah Law The Shariah Law is the legislative system which is provided for by Islam. The legal framework under the Shariah law is aimed at regulating the public as well as the private behavior of the people in a justifiable manner according to the teachings of Islam. The...
Introduction A crime can be defined as an action that is prohibited and punishable by law. Actions of crime vary from country to country. An act that is punishable by law in one country may not be a crime in another. Incarceration refers to the forced confinement of an individual....
Introduction For many years serial killers have been there, killing many unsuspecting victims. Despite serial killers being there for quite a long time, a distinctive definition of serial killing is relatively new. Many of the known serial killers are men. Serial killings are some of the controversial crimes in criminology....
Introduction Legal systems ae usually characterized by numerous differences in constitution principles, judicial peculiarities, and state institutions. The paper is focused on the detailed analysis of American and English legal systems; differences and similarities in England and Wales’ law and USA law are based on Parliamentary Sovereignty and Judicial Precedent,...
Introduction In many different parts of the world, any given enforcement officer of the law like the policemen, the sheriffs, the assistant sheriffs, highways patrol officers and even state troopers have the lawful duty of making an arrest whenever the requirements state so (Johnson, 2009). This is something that will...
Introduction The structure of every country presupposes existence of specific systems which deal with particular issues. Thus, the judicial system is a state body which concerns judicial issues. It covers matters, suchlike court system, the number of justices, and the hierarchy of courts. The judicial system is an integral part...
For many years changes have been effected in a bid to improve the criminal justice system of the United States. Despite the numerous reforms, numerous problems still rock the system one of them being racial discrimination in the system. This problem dates back to the period of slavery. The issue...
Foundation The General Organization for Social Insurance (GOSI) was created in 1969 by the government of Saudi Arabia. The organization is funded through the deduction of wages of Saudi nationals and their expatriates. The charges are broken down as follows; 2% of gross wages for Occupational Hazards and 15% of...
Introduction Collecting information on criminal gangs is one of the most dangerous undertakings a researcher can venture into due to the risks involved in the whole exercise. Research methodology, which researchers will use on such groups, should clearly state methods and procedures of collecting data to avoid dangerous instances, which...
Introduction The Rockefeller drug laws have remained the main drug legislation in the country for several decades before the first attempts to enhance its effectiveness were made in the 2000s. The enactment of the Drug Law Reform in 2009 was predetermined by the peculiarities of the social, economic, and legal...
Introduction Nigeria is a beautiful country with varied landscapes. It is such a huge country that the climate varies greatly from one place to another. Rich in biodiversity and tropical vegetations, it is really a tempting place for many tourists to visit. But the crime status is so concerning in...
Drug testing and polygraph testing are popular tools control used by the criminal justice system and in the workplace. Despite the benefits and opportunities proposed by these control methods, they violate human rights and privacy issues. According to statistical data, there are three-fifths of the organizations that are currently testing...
Introduction Part II of the Consumer Protection Act 1987 (CPA) prescribes strict liability on the manufacturers for defective products. The Act was enacted mainly to execute a European Directive (85/374/EEC). Hence, when making advice on questions under the Act, one has to refer to both the UK Act and the...
Introduction In all organizations, every employee is entitled to some form of statutory rights. These rights have to be honored by the employer. Some of the rights that employees should enjoy include equal pay, maternity and paternity leave, flexibility in working, redundancy pay, and periods of notice (Changing and terminating...
Introduction The U.S. Courtrooms practicing the adversarial system of justice have time and again been compared to combat zones or level playing grounds. This statement arise from the fact that this system of justice makes it possible for interested parties to a proceeding to square it out in a court...
Outline The second amendment in the constitution of the United States gives a provision to the citizen of the Free State to keep and bear arms. The basis of the second amendment is on article VI of the articles of confederation that were drafted in the year 1777 and the...
The enactment of the 2009 drug law reform was aimed at compensating for the drawbacks of the Rockefeller drug laws and enhancing the effectiveness of the current legislation for solving the problem of the illegal drug trade and addiction. This paper will discuss the evaluation framework and the main assessment...
Introduction Following Sun Tzu’s famous dictum, we are introduced to a practical means of implementing it. It sounds much like fourth generation warfare or even like hybrid warfare: Be wherever the enemy does not expect you to be, do whatever the enemy does not think you will do and portray...
The case of Furman v. Georgia was decided alongside two other claims by the Supreme Court of the U.S. constituting cruelty and unusual punishment. Initially, arguments on murder cases had started during the case of Robinson v. California, where the supreme court gave a ruling that the clause on “cruel...
The U.S. court system is characterized by its complexity and the division into courts at the state and federal levels. They are complemented by the so-called specialized courts that have limited jurisdiction and focus on specific crimes such as, for example, drugs. In order to see a clear picture of...
Introduction Human civilization has from ancient times acknowledged the fact that children are the future of the present civilization. Our modern era also believes in these ideals and this being the case, our society has always strived to ensure that children and the youth are given the best opportunity to...
The ethical considerations are inherent in the overall criminal justice system since they determine the categorization of deeds as moral or immoral. Ultimately, moral reasoning helps law enforcers define the level of punishment appropriate for a particular crime. There are multiple reasons why ethics and integrity are essential for a...
Introduction Juvenile offenders have been prone to re-offend and the rates of juvenile recidivism have been very high in the United States. There are several reasons which have been suggested for juvenile offending, including the lack of successful and positive educational environments and economic opportunities (Khromina, 2007, Siegel & Welsh,...
Introduction Juvenile offenders have been prone to re-offend and the rates of juvenile recidivism have been very high in the United States. There are several reasons which have been suggested for juvenile offending, including the lack of successful and positive educational environments and economic opportunities (Siegel & Welsh, 2008). The...
Probation and parole are forms of community supervision that help to decrease the population of prisons. While these forms are sometimes used interchangeably by people outside the criminal justice system, these matters are different. The present paper compares and contrasts these two forms of community supervision and discusses their benefits...
Introduction Under United States law, a firm has the option of various legal forms under which it operates. This depends on the company size and area of operations, but also often remains the choice of the executives as each legal form requires a different approach to profitability, liability, and firm...
The aim of this paper is to present a close scrutiny of political attitudes that help in facilitating counter-terrorism measures. The task will be to determine which specific threat factors are more likely to influence counter-terrorism strategies by the government. In order to answer this question, the aim of this...
Abstract A corporation is an artificial being that has an entity separate and distinct from its board of members and the workforce behind it. As corporations are a major player in economic enhancement and development, the state confers upon them numerous legal rights to vouchsafe their existence. However, the modernity...
Law enforcement agencies of any state attend, first of all, one single goal – to protect the citizens. Any country cares about the well-being of its residents and therefore creates specialized organizations that work to ensure this well-being. The purpose of the police is to monitor compliance with the law...
Abstract In UAE countries, there is a clear evidence and commitment to increase the existing legal structure to consent and enforce labor rights. To accomplish this, the managers are required to pay extra attention to the labor rights. This project is in twofold, one is to reflect the ongoing forces...
Introduction Considering international commercial relations the arbitration process is important and considerably more advantageous than the litigation offered through the traditional national courts. In the modern world where the world is viewed as a global village arbitration remains a significant International instrument through which the rule of law can be...
Generally, courtroom workgroups are considered to consist of the criminal prosecutor, criminal defense attorney, and judge. Neubauer and Fradella (2019) also include the probation officer in the definition, though this position will typically not have as much authority as the other three. The prosecutor is responsible for bringing and presenting...
Countries that violate labor laws Many countries in the world violate workers’ rights. They expose them to poor working conditions, low wages, and long working hours. They also deprive them of access to law protection. Countries, such as Kuwait and Malaysia, are known for violation of human labor laws. In...
Introduction Human beings differ from animals since they have sets of laws that govern their behavior. Animals are primitive creatures since they are controlled by their impulses and immediate needs. Even though most animals are perceived to have a higher intelligence level than others they are all governed by crude...
Introduction Many job seekers are often glad to land a job they applied for. However, they may be confounded to read in the employee handbook or employment contract that they are employed ‘at will’. Some may not care to find out what it means until it is too late but...
Introduction Recidivism among people who served out a jail term is quite high especially when it comes to low-income communities. It has been acknowledged that corrective programs can assist inmates to adapt better to the new life and integrate into the community after imprisonment (Latessa, Listwan & Koetzle, 2014; McClure...
Facts The plaintiff-appellants in Lawrence v. Texas, 539 U.S. 558 (2003) were medical technologist John Geddes Lawrence and his friend Tyron Garner, who were aged 55 and 31, respectively, when arrested for alleged anal sex at 10:30-11:00 p.m. on September 17, 1998, in Lawrence’s apartment at the outskirts of Houston....
Aspects of Regulation of the First Amendment The First Amendment to the constitution of the United States is considered by many people to be very crucial as it guarantees various fundamental rights. The First Amendment touches on various freedoms, including religion, assembly, and speech, among other important freedoms (Hamburger, 2004)....
Introduction Juvenile Delinquency is a serious problem in today’s society. The world, in which children descend into crime, seems to have its social mechanisms working wrong. In many countries to amend this situation, special institutions were elaborated to deal with young lawbreakers to prevent them from threading on a criminal...
Preface Crime can be examined in a multitude of instances with a broad range of topics. As discussed previously there is no single global definition of crime. Crime is viewed dissimilarly by different communities. Despite this, international drug trafficking is considered to be an offense “punishable by law” and seen...
The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is an organization, concerned with problems that are connected to keeping the country safe. According to the mission statement, the primary objective of the institution is to “ensure a homeland that is safe, secure, and resilient against terrorism and other hazards.” (Our Mission, 2016,...
Introduction Crime refers to any act punishable by law. On the other hand violence refers to either animal or human behaviour that poses a threat to cause injury to an intended person. Violent acts may include armed robbery, homicide, forcible rape, aggravated assault as well as gang violence. For an...