Introduction Main theorists of child development include Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson. Sigmund Freud placed more emphasis on children’s development based on the experiences and myriads of events encountered during children’s lifetime that shape their emotional and cognitive development. However, he was more inclined on the mental disorders associated with...
Abstract Many children today are at risk of abuse and maltreatment. Statistics show that more than fifty per cent of children under surveys carried out between 2003 and 2010 have been victims of abuse or maltreatment. These involve both direct and indirect cases. While direct cases are where children experience...
Introduction Post partum disorders are becoming a common concern especially due to their consequences which include committing suicide and infanticide. Attempts have been made to treat and where possible avoid such disorders taking place. This article will briefly outline the steps which can be taken to treat one such disorder:...
Introduction Black communities in the United States have managed to establish churches that attract huge numbers of people. From a historical background, churches are institutions that offer spiritual support and counseling services, as well as humanitarian support to people. African Americans continue to battle with historical problems like segregation, discrimination,...
Introduction The actions of a person are, as a rule, determined by the patterns of behavior that are familiar to him or her. In an unusual situation or before the need to choose, he or she can take a completely unexpected step or follow one of the previously tested strategies....
Introduction Theories are statements that are formulated to explain specific aspects of world processes. Theories systematically employ high quality of knowledge and specific scenarios to elaborate the truth concerning certain phenomena. Theories can therefore employ real knowledge or can be hypothetical unless proven. For instance, various theories have been used...
Abraham Maslow made five basic assumptions about motivation within his famous theory of personality. The first one is that motivation affects the entire organism, not its part (holistic approach). Secondly, several diverse motives (factors) contribute to motivation’s complexity (Taormina & Gao, 2013). Third, Maslow revealed that human beings are continuously...
Introduction Communication is arguably the corner stone on which any successful relationship, be it business or personal, is built. All professions require a degree of effective communication for success to be achieved. The nursing profession is one of the professions where effective communication is not only desirable but essential for...
Abstract Over the past three decades, cases of fraud and white-collar crimes have been increasing exponentially in the 21st century. Fraud and white-collar crime is a complex issue in society because its occurrence is dependent on many factors such as organizational structure, organization culture, and personality traits. One of the...
Introduction According to therapists Picard, Vyzas, and Healey (2001), emotional intelligence (EI) is a fairly new construct in the psychiatric and social literatures. It was not until the early 1990s that researchers, including Salovey and Mayer (1990), Goleman (1995a), Bar-On (1997), and Cooper and Sawaf (1997), de-emphasized the traditional, narrow...
Abstract This dissertation aims to check the long-term movements of primary commodity price indexes. The data used in this project is the updated version of the index introduced by Grilli and Yang (1988). This new version covers the period from 1900 to 2011 including four kinds of price with two...
Positive Psychology Positive psychology is the latest branch of psychology applied in enhancing the growth and development of an individual’s life. Positive psychology entails the acquisition of knowledge and the utilization of such understanding in conducting daily activities. In addition, positive psychology involves the entire way in which individuals think...
Introduction Sexual abuse can be defined as any act that involves sexual contact where the victims consent is absent. It involves aspects like molestation and rape. Sexual abuse could be perpetrated by different people for instance parents, siblings or even spouses, attendants in various facilities, peers among others. Children and...
Introduction In the modern world, there is need for students and teachers alike to come up with a viable plan that will help to guide students as they go through the learning process from junior school, high school, college until they are absorbed in the job markets. The personal development...
Compulsive gambling is also termed pathological gambling. Gamblingbehaviorhas given rise to much research investigating the epidemiology of gambling and disorders related to it (Gebauer et al, 2010). The need for instruments to screen people with pathological gambling has become of prime importance. Disordered gambling and other interests of the population...
Introduction School dropout leads to lack of social integrations, which greatly affects a person’s ability to achieve personal life goals. Schooling is of paramount importance to people’s lives. A good education background is a key contributing factor to getting a good job and hence living a good life. Having the...
Abstract This paper explores and uses Erickson’s theory of personality development as a reference point in explaining experiences Tanya faces in her life. The paper integrates Piagets’ and Erickson’s theories in explaining how individual cognitive development influences human personality. In addition, the paper will use cognitive development theory and personality...
Abstract Children with different needs can be accommodated in one setting to enable equal development and even learning performance (Derman-Sparks & Olsen 2010). There has been a belief that children are supposed to adjust to the changes in the learning environment, and this has a negative impact on children with...
Abstract This paper presents the assessment and analysis of a well-known fictional character from the Star Trek franchise Commander Spock. This individual’s psychological state and issues are evaluated based on the regulations and norms outlined in DSM-5. For better clarity and precision, the data relevant to the client’s psychological experiences...
Introduction One of the well-known biological instincts is the development of a strong attachment between a child and a parent or a primary caregiver. It is hard to give clear, rational explanations and definitions of what happens during the first contact with a mother. Still, it is evident that this...
Proposed Research Paper This paper seeks to address the importance of the social environment on the development of an individual’s personality. Every person has distinct hereditary or environmentally gained traits. This paper will address some factors that make these variations. The answer to this issue can be tracked from environmental...
Over the decades, different scholars have defined personality in diverse ways. However, there is no central definition to describe personality based on what contributes to the development of an individual’s personality. A generalized definition suggests that an individual’s personality entails the patterns of thought and responses that make one act...
Abstract The paper provides the reflection on the personal interest and motivation in obtaining the doctoral degree in psychology. The reflection on the associated professional goals is also included in the paper. The reflective discussion aims at answering the questions on the reasons to pursue the doctoral degree, the ideas,...
In the video, Robert Cialdini talks about the experience he had while writing his book – Influence. During his research, Cialdini concluded that there are only six universal principles that help influence other people. More precisely, these principles are a generalization of all activities that the so-called influence professions specialists...
Introduction Caregivers of children suffering from Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) usually experience elevated levels of stress and poor physical health. Parents of such children, in most instances, experience such mental health issues as general distress, psychopathology, and stress (Cachia et al., 2016). Young patients with ASD exhibit restricted, repetitive behaviors,...
Abstract This dissertation examines the effectiveness of implementing PBIS in changing the behavior problems of students in urban schools. The behavior of learners is seen as an integral aspect that plays a significant role in the promotion of academic performance. The ever-changing technological landscape has continually influenced the nature of...
Introduction Many factors can influence human behavior. There are environmental factors that can be observed in-home or education settings and innate tendencies that have a natural base. Some debates take place concerning the importance of inherited and acquired characteristics in regard to human behavior. The supporters of the biological approach...
Introduction Students’ behavior is increasingly becoming disruptive as exposure to emerging practices such as cyberbullying, violence, use of digital media among youths, and fighting among others continue to rise (Hinton & Buchanan, 2015). As such, the primary role of educators is to establish secure and conducive environments for learning. An...
Defining organizational psychology Organizational psychology refers to the scientific study of organizations, workplaces, and employees ( Jex & Britt, 2008). The success of an organization is improved when the well-being of the people operating inside organizations is improved. It is therefore the responsibility of an organizational psychologist to research and...
Psychology entails the scientific study of the human mind and its basic functions. It seeks to understand and demystify the mechanics of the human mind. Psychology is also concerned with understanding human behaviour and the relationship between the human mind and resultant behaviour (Corby, 2011). Scholarly exploits in psychology early...
Introduction Psychotherapy is one of the major interventions used in psychiatry. Over the years psychotherapy has evolved to include the use of empirically supported treatments in practice. Empirically supported treatments are psychotherapies that have been shown to be effective in the treatment of specific mental health disorders. For a treatment...
Introduction: The Problem Statement. When There Is No Escape from Suffering People have always treated any changes with a grain of suspicion. While the current state of affairs might be far from an ideal one, there is always the fear that the next change is only going to make the...
Introduction Persuasive Developmental Disorder and Asperger syndrome are categorized with Autism disorder. A person with the disorder possesses a problem with neural development, where their communication and social interaction skills are insufficient. Moreover, the individual has repetitive and restricted behavior. Autism interferes with the manner in which information is processed...
Introduction Adolescence is one of the substantial development stages of a human being. It is a critical period due to where it falls in the life of any person. Adolescence occurs between the age of 10 and 12 years. The stage is a transition period between childhood and adulthood. As...
Introduction Scientists use the item response theory (IRT) in psychological assessment tests. Researchers define the item response theory as a modern measurement model that evaluates the margin of error (or reliability) of test scores (Bond, 2007). Different types of item response models exist. One type is the Rasch model. The...
Introduction Psychotherapy is a medical process that involves therapeutic interaction between and a trained professional. The main conditions addressed by this process are usually psychological in nature. The psychological problems addressed through psychotherapy vary widely and thus require an experienced professional to effectively handle each case. Psychotherapy has the goal...
Purpose of Study According to Bilim (2009), self-efficacy is the extent in which an individual achieves set goals and objectives. On the other hand, Hackett (1985) defined self-efficacy as the attitude and beliefs of an individual that determine the level of achievement he/she will attain with regards to the set...
Introduction Coaching can be defined as a situation whereby a person outside the organization uses his or her psychological skills by creating an alliance with a client to encourage and maintain personal growth and development (Peltier, 2001). Coaching helps to build skills that will enhance effective leadership in an organization....
Introduction The term policy is used to refer to a decree or regulation that touches on several aspects of a region concerning the economic social or geographic nature of the area. The main idea for implementing policies meant to curb adolescent problems is that there are some that have already...
Introduction For the past thirty years, psychometric tests have been crucial in the selection and recruitment processes. Today the tests are common in many organizations during the recruitment process. The police force is no different. These tests would improve the quality of service as compared to the traditional mass training,...
Abstract Self-esteem is a significant factor in determining how people make certain choices that make them fit within particular social groups. In the present paper, the focus is to investigate the causes and how low self-esteem influences Native American girls. The main causes of low self-esteem among them are peer...
Advertising Business Leaders Magazine, Four Ways to Address Customer Complaints Online, 2007 The magazine addresses the needs of customers who feel their rights have been violated and need to be shown directions. The author, Micah Solomon, gives some of the strategies to be used by online customers, as well as...
Type of Disaster Sichuan earthquake was one of the natural disasters that hit China in 2008, causing destruction of property and loss of lives. The disaster is considered one of the deadliest to have occurred in human history given its magnitude, which was measured at 8.0. More than seventy thousand...
Introduction September 11, 2001, is a day that has and will remain tragically memorable to many people across the world, and specifically the Americans. The mention of the date September 11, triggers memories of the terrorist attack on four cities of the world’s strongest nation, the United States. The attack...
Summary This was a study conducted by Malone and colleagues in 2000. The researchers wanted to assess the effectiveness of lithium treatment. Its usefulness in the treatment of aggressive behavior in patients had been previously considered. In this study, the authors wanted to see its usefulness in treating such conditions...
A brief description of a 9/11 disaster and its impacts on populations The September 11 terror attack was the first largest terrorist attack that claimed thousands of lives. According to a survey conducted, the 9/11 that targeted Pentagon has been regarded as the deadliest attack that ever occurred on the...
Introduction Grief is a painful reaction to a loss usually of a great magnitude. This painful reaction may cause emotional changes that may affect the health of an individual. Various researches have been done on the topic of grief and bereavement. This has led to the formulation of various theories...
Introduction Psychology underscores the scientific study of behavior or mind. It is a multifaceted field of study involving study of health coupled with the study of cognitive processes, social behavior, and human development among other disciplines. Psychology as a scientific field endeavors to find out the causes of certain behaviors....
Cognitive-behavioral therapy is not an individual therapeutic technique, but a broad term that categorizes therapies that are related (Dobson & Dozois, 2010). Cognitive behavioral therapy includes treatments that endeavor to modify overt behavior through altering an individual’s thinking, understanding, one’s suppositions, and the individual’s strategies of responding to various situations...
Introduction This paper is a discussion of two therapeutic approaches namely brief psychodynamic therapy and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). The paper’s main focus is to compare and contrast the two therapeutic approaches in regard to how they are used to treat depression and anger. Even though both therapeutic approaches are...
Introduction Psychology is a field of study that traces its roots to philosophy and biology before it was made a science when it was structured to define the human mind, as well as the actions of individuals. This resulted to the emergency of different views and perspectives, as scholars tried...
Piaget’s theory of cognitive development analyzes the nature and development of human intelligence. It is more focused on the nature of knowledge and how human beings gradually acquire and use it. Piaget believes that reality involves continuous but dynamic transformations. He proposes that “operative intelligence is behind all the manipulation...
Introduction Incidents such as the November 23, 2002 fan riot when the Buckeyes (Ohio State University) defeated the wolverines (University of Michigan) is but one of the numerous examples of adverse fan behavior that occur after and even during game day. Examples of such behavior come in the form of...
Introduction Problem Statement The materialistic perception of reality is intertwined with the emotional needs of people in most unusual ways. When being overwhelmed by grief, people often seek a way of placating their pain, which often results in trying to bring the memories of the person or object lost back...
Introduction Domestic violence and intimate partner violence (IPV) constitutes a significant relationship challenge in the US. Fals-Stewart, Kashdan, O’Farrell, and Birchler (2002) inform that about 8.7 million couples encounter physical violence that is acerbated by their partners every year in the US. Research conducted by Schafer, Caetano, and Clark (1998)...
Introduction The attributes of a successful leader are a subject of many academic studies. As a rule, much attention is paid to technical competence, ability to motivate other people, determination, logical reasoning, and other qualities. Yet, currently, researchers also focus on the role of emotional intelligence. This paper is aimed...
Introduction Consulting can be discussed as the series of actions directed to solving the concrete problem. While focusing on the school or day care center environments, it is possible to note that consulting is the approach to working with children based on the principles of assistance and development of the...
Introduction For a psychology consultant to succeed in his work, he needs to engage well with his clients during the initial stages of their meeting. The consultation process consists of four stages, which include the “entry, diagnosis, implementation and the disengagement” stages (Dougherty, 2014, p. 54). This critique will concentrate...
The term consulting in psychology is defined as “a type of service performed by counselors, psychologists, and human resource workers in which they assist another person who has responsibility for a case or program” (Dougherty, 2013, p. 10). The consultation process involves three parties, namely: the consultant, the client system,...
Industrial/Organizational Psychology (IOP) IOP can be described as the subdivision of psychology dealing with output augmentation within the workplace (Aamodt, 2012). In addition, IOP ensures that the wellbeing of personnel, which includes both mental and physical, is enhanced. In other words, IOP ensures the enhancement of performance, contentment, security and...
Introduction Psychological disorders This disorder has an anguish effects to a human being affecting his or her mentality and this results into a severe illness. Psychological disorders results from various cause, which initiates several diseases appearing in different ways. We have various symptoms of these diseases including 🙂 – schizophrenia,...
Motivation is the process through which people are inspired to act (Drillings & O’Neil, 2004). Motivation can be initiated from biological and psychological sources as well as goal-oriented incentives. Internal sources of motivation originate from our emotions throughout our evolutionary history. External sources originate from factors in the surrounding environment....
Literature Review The core objective of this chapter is to provide the reader with an all-inclusive view on the subjects of parapsychology and the Pali canon. This is very important because this PhD project is an attempt to make a comparison between understanding of psychic power phenomenon as perceived in...
Introduction Background of the study Life-span development involves all the stages of development of human beings from conception to death. It encompasses several intermediary stages such as birth through infancy, childhood, adolescence, young adulthood, and late adulthood to death. However, not all changes that occur in the life of an...
Abstract Solution Focused Brief Therapy is one of the brief therapies that are very effective and efficient in solving marriage and family problems such as relationships, stress, depression and anxiety among others. The effectiveness and efficiency of this model is due to the unique approach to the problem by use...
A borderline personality disorder is characterized by continuous instability in a person’s self _image, changes in the mood of the person most of the time, and even break-ups in close personal relationships which always leads to distress and loss of friendships. People with this kind of borderline personality disorder are...
Introduction The theory by Lawrence Kohlberg of moral reasoning borrows from the concepts presented by Piaget on cognitive reasoning. It postulates that people go through 3 levels of moral reasoning with 6 stages of which cannot be skipped or reversed. According to him, these stages apply to all people of...
How to manage stress One should use a positive imagery theory to reduce stress as outlined in the stressmanagingtips.com. This involves putting yourself in an imagination that positively brings relaxation to your body and mind. For instance, one can imagine being at the top of a high mountain where you...
Abstract The main objective of the present systematic review was to analyze peer-reviewed articles in English on the theme of child abuse in the countries of GCC. The problem of child maltreatment in the countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council was explored as an unresolved issue on the international level....
Introduction The article Approaches to measuring the extent and impact of environmental change in three California community-level obesity prevention initiatives by Cheadle et al. (2010) highlights the various health concerns due to the problem of obesity among individuals in the United States. The authors describe this distressing public health concern...
Problem Statement Suicide is among the leading causes of death in the globe, and it is closely associated with stress and depression both in childhood and later in adulthood. In the US, “suicide is the third leading cause of death for adolescents aged between 12 and 18 years” (Espelage and...
Introduction Childhood bullying is associated with suicidal attempts later in adulthood as shown in the field of psychology. The risk of committing suicide varies with gender whereby girls show higher tendencies of committing suicide after undergoing bullying in their childhood as compared to boys (Bauman, Toomey, & Walker, 2013). The...
Introduction Conducting research translates into the engagement in scientific inquiry to identify the underlying issues about a specific problem with the aim of solving it. In this regard, the process of inquiry follows particular systematic steps that seek to attain objectivity, reliability, and validity of the findings. Thus, it is...
Introduction The significance of kinaesthetic experiences can hardly be overrated; one of the five senses that inform the further emotional and behavioral changes in an individual affects people’s perception of reality to a considerable extent (Ahmed & Hakkarainen 2013). Particularly, the impact of touching fabric, in general, and textile products,...
Introduction The concept of “pedophilia” or an individual being described as a pedophile (i.e. someone that has a sexual attraction towards young children) is thought of as a socially unacceptable form of behavior and thus any individual that has been caught in the act is labelled as a social deviant...
Opening Statement Disasters, in the form of weather calamities, accidents and the like, have been on a rising trend over the past decades. This situation has been associated with technological advancements, economic development and changing environmental conditions. As a result, individuals affected by such situations have faced tremendous challenges in...
Abstract Over the past few decades, experts in the discipline of psychiatry have delved into developmental precursors for psychological disorders. Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is among the sensitive psychological conditions that have affected between 2% to 4% of the general population in all societies. BPD is a complex illness that...
Introduction In essence, the so-called ‘recovery approach’ to treating mental illnesses is concerned with the assumption that, instead of trying to lessen the severity of the symptoms of mental abnormality in patients, psychologists/psychiatrists should strive to empower the former, as thoroughly sovereign individuals. According to the advocates of the recovery...
Abstract A meta-analysis of the effects Interactive Video Games (IVG) have on the behavioural and cognitive constructs of meta cognitive knowledge, direct cognition, and regulatory skills on k-12 students was conducted based on the grounded theory using a qualitative to address the subject of inquiry within formalized frameworks. Research results...
Introduction The definition, comprehension, and categorization of psychiatric and behavioral disorders have elicited efforts from psychiatrists to facilitate the development of the best treatments in a bid to alleviate such complexities in children. Children that portray mental and behavioral disorders have evoked psychiatrists to examine the protean complexity of their...
Introduction Forensic psychology professionals perform as experts in court settings when courts need additional guidance and expert opinion to conclude about the aspects of a certain case. From this point, forensic psychology professionals are requested to use the specific knowledge in the field to conduct psychological investigations and provide the...
What is happiness? Happiness is one of the most misconceived states of mind. Most people cannot tell the difference between joy and happiness. They think that they are happy when they are joyful while in the real sense, they are not. Others think that the absence of the everyday problems...
Abstract Accurate estimation of intelligence is an important issue for the society. However, in order to estimate intelligence the most important aspect is numerical markings related to the use of intelligence tests. This study evaluates the different theories on intelligence and evaluates the numerical marking possibilities of each theory. If...
Interaction between hormones and behavior and effect on adult sexuality Biological activities in the human body are triggered by hormones. These are chemicals that are secreted from different glands in the body whenever it is necessary to perform required functions. They act as messengers and are generally needed for the...
Abstract One of the most difficult responsibilities for guardians is trying to control the conduct of children who are always naughty. Many times, some children may seem unable or reluctant to adhere to instructions, collaborate with adults, or consent to any sort of restraint. Some children may not exhibit any...
In perspective, the perceptions of a professional are distinct from that of the associated scholar. The scholarship is based mainly on learning whereas professionalism targets solving issues apparent in society. In this light, cases described by authors of the articles reviewed earlier are perceived differently depending on the conscience and...
Theory Scholarly views on what constitutes a psychological theory From the discursive prospective, providing a universally accepted definition of psychological theory and its constituents represents a certain challenge, because, as of today, an ongoing progress in the field of psychology creates objective preconditions for the tool of psychological inquiry to...
Introduction Certain psychological disorders often induce irrational, maladaptive behaviors that bring about negative outcomes to the person’s health, safety, and reputation. These behaviors are commonly observed in institutionalized adults with developmental disabilities removed from society for closer monitoring and treatment by medical practitioners (Danford and Huber, 1981). One identified maladaptive...
Introduction Psychologists explain that the human brain is divided into conscious and subconscious minds. The conscious mind often determines what we do intentionally but the subconscious mind determines what we do without thinking. For example, some of the common subconscious actions we do include breathing and talking. Often, most of...
A group or an individual is placed in a situation, where they have devoted their money, time, labor, or other resources, to the advancement of a potentially profitable endeavor, which then failed to provide a return on the investment. They can either terminate their involvement with the cause and allocate...
Introduction Over the years, psychologists and scholars have been seeking to understand the very nature of human beings, along with concerted efforts to unearth how an individual develops a certain personality. In other words, scholars have been trying to address the development of different personalities. The overall study of personality...
Topic Statement The subject of the proposed study is the employee empowerment (EE) and its techniques; the specific topic of the study can be formulated as the reasons for the effectiveness of EE techniques as viewed through the lens of humanistic psychology (HP). This kind of topic was chosen for...
Introduction Employees are not merely performers of job responsibilities; they are also personalities. The subject of personal and individual differences has been extensively explored in organizational studies within recent years, and it has been confirmed that organizational managers should pay attention to such differences in order to achieve a higher...
Introduction Gestalt psychology is a theoretical framework developed by a German psychologist called Max Wertheimer. The main principle of the theory is that human mind views things as a whole instead of their small parts. It posits that humans do not focus on simple components when giving their views about...
Literature Review The theory of planned behavior is a model which was developed by Icek Aljzen, being a projection from another renowned theory in psychology, the theory of reasoned action. This theory explains the relationship that exists between attitudes and individuals’ behavior. It is one of the theories of persuasion...
Abstract A person’s mental health has been an intriguing part of studies among associations, medical doctors, and professions that serve mentally diseased clients. Experts are yet to find the exact cause of mental illness, but, a blend of environmental, physical, and psychological conditions have been linked to it as shown...
Methods of Establishing Reliability in Psychology Table 1. Methods of Establishing Reliability in Psychology with Brief Descriptions. Method of Establishing Reliability Description Alternate forms reliability This approach to reliability involves checking the consistency of the results of the alternate versions of one instrument. High consistency allows making conclusions about the...
Item Construction Item construction is a complex process that requires the consideration of multiple concerns. Nowadays, researchers can employ various tools that may assist in item construction, and one of them is Rauthmann’s (2011) taxonomy. Using Rosenberg’s self-esteem scale (Eklund, Bäckström, & Hansson, 2018), as well as the literature on...
Psychological constructs are abstract variables that can include personality traits, attitudes, and emotional states. Constructs cannot be directly observed as they involve internal processes and tendencies of thought or feelings. These are commonly identifiable phenomena in human nature such as fear, motivation, or extraversion. In psychology, measurements referred to as...
The process of conducting a biopsychosocial interview can be seen as challenging if an interviewer lacks the required experience in performing such an assessment. Before starting an interview, it is important to determine certain points and features of this assessment to pay attention to, including the declaration of its purpose...
Introduction Self-esteem is a social and psychological concept that represents a person’s overall sense of value or worth, essentially measuring the extent to which a person appreciates, approves, and likes himself or herself. From the perspective of measurement, the construct is especially hard to identify due to the variety of...
A biopsychosocial interview allows a counselor to determine the origin of the observed problems and to clearly identify these problems in order to propose an effective treatment approach. The client who participated in an interview session with a counselor was Jane Roberts, a 28-year-old White female (Perkinson, 2017). The purpose...