A paper of 1100 words is a typical assignment in high school and college. A 1100-word essay can be focused on a wide range of topics, such as the pros and cons of globalization, the impact of the Industrial Revolution on politics, etc.
As a rule, you will need to conduct research to write a 1100 words essay. The keys to success are: a well-formulated thesis, a good structure, and an extensive list of reliable sources used. Check free 1100-word essay examples on this page to get inspired!
It is widely acknowledged that wellness and individual rights are intertwined. The rights to inclusivity, freedom from discriminatory practices, life, and the freedom to marry and raise a family are covered by various articles under the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) (United Nations). Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and Queer...
Introduction There is a need to understand the differences between concepts such as knowledge, skills, and behaviors in contemporary society. In the process of searching for a job or processing information, a person can notice their mention constantly. In some contexts, they are used interchangeably, but this is not always...
The middle of the twentieth century is characterized by the worldwide aggravation of national liberation movements. It resulted from the colonial policies of the Western powers, which had significantly weakened after World War II. Leaders of different countries chose different strategies to fight for their country’s independence. This essay will...
Introduction Effective project management is crucial among organizations since it enhances the timely execution of processes. Successful project managers are equipped with technical skills that promote efficient management. Technological advancements have revolutionized the project management field through automation and digitization of managing activities. Therefore, investigating the role of business technology...
A 1100 words essay would typically be about 4,5 pages long, assuming it is double-spaced and written with a standard font (Arial or Times New Roman) in 12-point size. If the text is single-spaced, it will be twice shorter. Other factors that influence the 1100-word essay length are formatting and paragraph structure.
How many paragraphs are there in a 1100 words essay? A paper of such a length would contain 11 to 12 paragraphs. This works for an academic writing assignment because a typical paragraph there is about 100 words long.
It usually takes 20 to 35 minutes to type a text of this length on your keyboard at an average speed. However, if you are assigned a 1100 words essay, it is going to take much more time, as you will need to conduct research, study the sources, and plan your paper. Writing a solid essay of 1100 words will take about 3 hours 40 minutes.
At a rough estimate, 1100 words would take up about 110 to 115 lines. However, the exact number of lines in your 1100-word essay depends on a number of factors such as the spacing, the font size, and the margins.
Introduction Change is an integral part of progress and development. Nevertheless, change may not come naturally to everyone, as it requires powerful internal resources and readiness for uncertainty. Although Who Moved My Cheese? by Spencer Johnson is related to motivational business literature, it provides highlights of valuable lessons for life....
The book “Out to Work” is among the various works of literature that have been done to summarize the chronicle of women in America who started working from the colonial era to the current days. Literature on this subject merely existed approximately ten years ago, and most basic facts were...
Understanding and meeting the requirements of veterans and providing them with the resources they need to reintegrate into society is crucial when bridging the gap between military service and civilian work. As described by Stern (2017), many veterans have a hard time readjusting to civilian life, dealing with post-traumatic stress,...
Introduction Contemporary society is highly influenced by the opinions and ideas transmitted through a variety of media sources. With the advancement of digital media in line with the conventional sources of information, the exposure to advertisements is uncontrolled. It implies that the audiences consume advertising content perceiving the messages as...
Introduction Cyber vulnerabilities refer to weaknesses in an organization’s system processes, internal controls, or information systems. The weaknesses are targets for prowling cybercrimes and open to manipulation through the areas of vulnerability. While firms form cybersecurity forts for themselves, there are many vulnerabilities at touchpoints with suppliers, global partners, manufacturers,...
Introduction All of the procedures performed at an airport to make sure a journey runs smoothly are referred to as airport services. These amenities cover the Transportation Security Administration (TSA), gateways operators, and other services offered by airports. Efficient airport operations ensure that various people arrive at their destinations safely....
Language Used When Describing Domestic Family Violence In domestic violence, there are various ways one can describe violence in a relationship. It is important to note that there is a difference between domestic violence and intimate partner violence. The former means violence between individuals in a domestic situation plus can...
Introduction Gender stratification refers to the dissimilarities between males and females concerning privilege, supremacy, and affluence. In most societies, gender is usually a communally organized principle, representing the unequal division between women and men. An excellent example of gender stratification is the number of females is always fewer than the...
Introduction New technologies, their development, and application contribute to significant changes in various areas of life, in particular, business. For instance, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), also known as drones, can improve supply chains at various stages. They can perform labor-intensive or routine tasks instead of people, significantly increasing efficiency and...
Introduction Advertisement is the promotion of products, brands, or services to viewers or interested parties to attract their further interest, engagement, and sales. Advertisement is slightly different from other marketing strategies since it is paid for. The content’s creator has total control over the entire advertisement. Advertisements are guaranteed to...
Introduction One of the most influential and renowned periods of history was that of the Roman empire, as it was home to famous names, including that of Jesus Christ. For the longest time, Rome displayed itself as an unstoppable empire. The empire had a vast territory stretching from the Middle...
Purpose of Document Planning makes it possible to ensure a high probability and a high level of achievement of goals based on the systematic preparation of solutions. Thus, it acts as a prerequisite for the effective implementation of the project. In this case, this document aims to demonstrate the implementation...
Introduction Gender roles refer to the societal perception of how people should function and conduct themselves based on their sex as either male or female. Gender roles stereotypes are strong beliefs about these specified gender roles (Shin et al., 2018). The stereotypes differ based on cultural settings and change over...
Introduction By nature of reasoning, knowledge is a form of conviction that differs from opinion or conjecture. A person’s or something’s awareness or knowledge, such as information, abilities, or things, contributes to one’s comprehension. At the same time, maladaptive pursuit of knowledge can generate adverse effects due to the presence...
At the start of the 20th century, the world was ushered into the atomic warfare era. The race to find superior, lethal, and weapons of mass destruction were on high momentum. Leading superpowers wanted to outdo each other in having highly sophisticated weapons. The rush to become dangerously armed was...
Abortion is legal in every state and territory of the United States, though limits and accessibility vary by state. Abortion is a contentious and divided subject in American society, art, and politics, with anti-abortion legislation in place in every form (Dickman 1157). In general, the Republican Party has pushed to...
Introduction It is hard to disagree that in this world, there is a vast number of severe issues and weaknesses that have to be addressed immediately. Unfortunately, although many of them have continuous adverse effects on different groups of society, it is still impossible to successfully address these concerns. One...
Introduction The Narrator in The Yellow Wallpaper and Mrs. Mallard in The Story of an Hour are both products of their era, filled with a paternalistic attitude towards women’s lives, aspirations, and opportunities. Their husbands have become a burden to women, guards in prison, presented in the form of ordinary...
Introduction American fiction has had many authors with notable representations whose work has significantly influenced people. It would be sensible to claim that the author of the novel Hoot Carl Hiaasen and One Crazy Summer by Rita William-Garcia are prominent figures who left a significant mark in the genre. Hence...
Summary Fences are August Wilson’s arguably most outstanding work. Written in 1983, the moving drama examines the relationships and life of the Maxson family. Besides, the drama’s action starts in 1957, with the plot created through a period until 1965. The drama occurs in a run-down tenement of black people...
There has been a swift change in technology that impacts society and transforms people’s lives. In almost all parts of the world, technology plays a pivotal role in thriving, evolving, and meeting population needs. Transformations have significantly affected education systems, and Zayed University, in particular, bringing new opportunities. Today, most...
The Lunar New Year festival is a joint celebration that is celebrated among the Asian countries, partially influenced by China. It is a China-based celebration characterized by various cultural activities that are done to grace the occasion. The Festival begins with the people celebrating the new moon and ends with...
Introduction Many people nowadays find themselves interested in learning foreign languages. The popularity of this activity can be partly explained by modern tendencies of globalization and the increasing demand for communication in business and everyday life. Although there are individuals who find learning foreign languages unnecessary and excessive, it is...
Social scientific background The issue of linguistic minorities and the collateral factors is overlapping in the field of linguistics and social sciences. Precisely, the field of linguistic anthropology concerns the different peoples and their languages. The field of linguistic anthropology is a social science that deals with different cultures, relations...
Introduction The year 2021 has been historic for Black women in US government, from Kamala Harris becoming vice president to the record numbers of African American women in mayor’s offices and Congress. While it is important to celebrate the increasing representation, there are significant barriers that Black women face when...
“Yellow Wallpaper” is a short story written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman in 1892. The story is about a woman with postnatal depression who moves to a “colonial mansion” with her husband, John, for the summer (Gilman 87). The main themes of the story are female repression, male domination, confinement, and...
In recent years, the nuclear family setup is increasingly getting replaced by single-parenting. Commonly, single-family households consist of ones headed by a father and the others headed by a mother. However, single-parenting has been on the rise facilitating grandparents to raise their grandchildren in recent years. Despite the single-parent families...
Introduction The Climate crisis has been a serious challenge for the modern world. Global warming caused by an increase in CO2 emissions is a threat to all of the planet. The temperature is rising, which causes the melting of glaciers and leads to natural disasters. In addition, soil, water, and...
The existence of God remains one of the major points of discussion in the secular world and the major point of misunderstandings in the development of understanding of Abrahamic religions, in general, and Christianity, in particular. Presently, a range of perspectives for considering God’s existence are present in the Christian...
Introduction Popular culture, also known as pop culture, can be explained by various theories, one of them being mass cultural theory. Pop culture is a collection of beliefs, objects, and beliefs that contain the widely shared meaning of a social system. The mass cultural theory asserts that society is transformed...
The Civil Rights Movement was the battle for social justice that happened between the 1950s and the 1960s for Black Americans to gain equal rights under the United States law. While the Civil War was instrumental in officially abolishing slavery, it did not stop the discrimination against Black people who...
Social media and mental ill-health is a major social issue as it affects several young people worldwide. Although online platforms like Instagram, Facebook, and Twitter have made it possible for people to be connected despite their different locations, this has come at a high cost, especially for the youth. One...
The socialization process goes throughout the entire life – from the very birth of a person to old age. In socialization, a person masters social norms and roles and interacts with other people; the personality is formed in this process. A person becomes a social being due to the socialization...
Introduction Intrusion detection and prevention systems (IDPS) are security tools that are often utilized to mitigate potential security violations and ensure that the computers and the whole network are safe. Most cases of intrusion occur when hackers intend to compromise the system and gain access to the most sensitive areas...
Introduction The representation of women in elective positions in the United States has always been low. Elected officeholders primarily consist of males as women struggle to succeed in politics. Most challenges women face can be linked to structural factors. Although women voters are higher than men, female politicians are fewer...
History China was one of the earliest civilized nations in the world and the source of world major inventions like gunpowder, paper, printing and compass. It is the nation with the world’s longest system of writing and the most widely spoken language in the world, Chinese. It is against this...
Method To conduct a successful and valid research, it is important to determine the methods one is going to use during it. There are various methods in healthcare researches that are used; they are all based on research paradigms also known as qualitative and quantities methods. Depending on the type...
Scatter diagram A scatter diagram is a diagram that plots two related variables. The explanatory variable is on the x – axis while the explained variable is on the y – axis. In this case, the price of houses is plotted on the y – axis while the area of...
Introduction In many parts of the world, some people get treated differently from others due to various reasons. Some of those reasons are related to economic inequalities in society. While people from certain social classes have particular benefits, such as higher household income, people from other classes often struggle to...
Introduction Before the development and implementation of the broken windows theory, authorities focused on serious crimes such as rape, robbery, and murder. However, the developers of the theory viewed crime differently as they saw serious misconduct as a result of disorder (Newberry, 2017). Thus, if they eliminated the misdemeanors, severe...
Introduction Of all the social issues that have developed in the U.S. over the entire course of its existence, the question of race perpetuates all of its domains, including sociocultural, sociopolitical, and socioeconomic ones. The challenges of belonging and, quite often, even surviving the weight of racial and ethnic prejudices...
Summary The advancement of technology has resulted in the emergence of different methods for people worldwide to consume media. Whether written, aired, marketed, or shared, media outlets serve as conduits for social interaction. For some individuals, printed daily newspapers and publications serve as information on events occurring locally, nationally, and...
Herland 1915 novel by Charlotte Perkins Gilman is often applauded as a feminist utopian narrative ahead of its time. The story was first published in The Forerunner, a literary magazine owned by Gilman, and later, in the 1970s, as an independent novel, the second wave of the feminist main focus...
Bass was convicted of two of the assault weapons murders-the killings of Armenty Shelton and his brother Patrick. In a third codifying accusation, the defendant was charged and convicted of conspiracy to retain with deliberate intent and distribute over five kilos of cocaine and more than 50 grams of illicit...
Introduction The quantity of data generated by humans and machines currently far exceeds the ability of human beings to absorb, interpret and make complex decisions. Therefore, machine learning forms the foundation and perspective of complex strategic planning in computer learning (Shabbir and Anwer 1). AI is, therefore, a multi-faceted, interdisciplinary...
Introduction Several factors that prevent the development of effective strategic decisions in this area influence the U.S. immigration policy. Such factors include the influence of changeable public attitudes, misunderstanding of the social and economic nature of immigration, and the established practice of favoring the country’s indigenous population to the detriment...
Introduction The problem of racial discrimination against blacks has always been widely covered by the media in the United States. The Black Lives Matter movement has reached a new level in recent years. There are still cases of racial discrimination that are widely covered by the media. That is why...
Introduction The Air Force Reserve Command (AFRC) – Is an exceptional branch of the forces that tenders their support to the Air Force in the United States. Specifically, this body monitors communications, intelligence and natural disasters aftermaths such as aerial spray of mosquitoes and hurricane occurrences (Air Force Reserve Command,...
Introduction Washington Irving’s Rip Van Winkle is an allegorical short story, disguising criticism about the British and American government behind an unusual story of a Dutchman. Irving used allegory to analyze and represent a different angle self-identification problem (N.N. Li and L.M. Li 307). Indeed, the resistance of Rip Van...
3G wireless networks and 4G networks Both 3rd and 4th generations are mobile communication standards set to define the general airwaves utility. They are both forms of transmissions that carry information in form of voice and data. The most notable difference between the two transmission networks is the speed and...
Social work is a professional sphere of paramount importance in contemporary society. Accordingly, those who engage in it are expected to meet the requirements set by the noble goal of the field. Counselors often work with some of the most vulnerable social groups, which lays additional emphasis on the vital...
Introduction The play Death of a Salesman by the playwright Arthur Miller is one of the most famous literary works about the American Dream. The central character is Willy Loman, a salesman whose salary is not enough to pay his numerous debts. In twentieth-century literature, he is considered an example...
How should intellectual property be protected in the information age? The arrival of computer technology has led to a faster access to information and ideas through digital networks typical of the information age. The information age has also radically changed how people collect and manipulate information especially through the use...
Social Stratification Stratification within the US can be found in public schools. Some schools produce quality graduates with more opportunities in the job market, whereas some schools produce graduates with only a few skills and few job opportunities. The provision of quality education is dependent on the budget of each...
Introduction Jay Gatsby was a man known and remembered by most people for his wealth and luxurious parties, which were attended by hundreds of guests. At first glance, Gatsby’s life looks like an American Dream because of his wealth and the fact that he achieved his status by perseverance and...
Introduction Immigration has been a key component of the American history. However, the issue of immigration has recently turned out to be very much controversial in the United States. On one side, proponents for immigration argue that the immigrants have helped the country to develop. On the other hand, those...
Introduction Women have faced and continue to face difficulties in accessing reproductive health services and medical insurance. Most women in the US depend on their spouses for medical insurance. It implies that divorced or widowed women and those whose spouses lost their jobs may lose medical coverage (Daniel et al.,...
Introduction Communication is a form of socialization. It is a necessary component of daily human lives. The term “communication” refers to transmitting information between a source and the recipient (Van Ruler, 2018). The most prevalent means of communication is language, which is critical in assisting individuals in developing relationships. On...
Introduction There is international terrorism and domestic terrorism, and all stakeholders in society must participate in devising ways to ensure terrorism is done away from society. Most of the terrorist threats to the US are usually from fundamentalist Islamic extremists. However, discrimination against Muslims is promoting rage and is not...
Types of Statistical Test Used The data analysis utilized various types of statistical tests to reach a conclusive decision on the implications of the data. These tests include paired sample t-test, independent sample t-test, chi-square (independent) test, Mcnemar (paired) test, Mann Whitney U test, and Wilcoxon Z test. Firstly, the...
Introduction Religion has always been a cultural component that influenced the social life of United States citizens. Moreover, it is the core element of the American culture that defines it and maintains it in one direction of development. As some destructive events occurred, such as financial hysteria, Americans managed to...
Every spring, students and their parents are concerned about receiving a letter of college admission. While some high school students know where they are going to study, the rest would give up college and find a job. Currently, it can be observed that those who have a higher education earn...
Introduction Communication is an act that involves sharing and developing meaning between persons or groups. The shared meaning makes use of a common language, symbols, and signs. These conventions vary between different species and technologies. Mediated communication refers to a form of communication that makes use of a communication medium...
Introduction Data management is a managerial process that involves obtaining, confirming, storing, protecting, and processing the required data to ensure adequate availability, reliability, and timely access to information to its end users. The computer system is a technological aspect that helps in simplifying data processing activities and improving reliance on...
Jane Austen’s “Emma” is a comedic interpretation of the social life and interactions between youth who lived in the 19th century. The main character of this novel, Emma, is an iconic character who charms the readers with her easy-going nature. However, she is also egoistical and lacks regard for the...
At first, it may seem that Stella and Blanche are opposites of each other. Blanche is a glamorous diva, popular among men, while Stella is an obedient wife, soon-to-be a mother, and a role model for any housewife. However, despite the differences, the sisters share one defining trait: both have...
Introduction Comparative analysis in literature is one of the most essential and illustrative techniques that allows for an effective demonstration of themes and images in several texts at once. This is particularly true when the pieces the analysis is focusing on were written within the same period and therefore share...
Introduction The art of fiction is used extensively in literature because it tends to bring out more aspects than literature based on real life occurrences. Real life writings such as biographies limit writers with respect to the extent to which they can adventure with talent. Literature just like all forms...
Abstract One of the notable changes in the social environment since the twentieth century has been mass media’s saturation of culture and daily lives. The mass media has become the center of many children’s lives, which has had an enormous impact on their values, beliefs, and behaviors. This study is...
The contemporary world is filled with disturbing issues – global warming, human trafficking, pandemic; however, one of the most outrageous problems to still be present is child labor. The majority of the public does not seem to acknowledge the issue, as they rarely encounter or hear of it. Nevertheless, numerous...
Introduction According to Jean Piaget’s theory, children’s cognitive development depends on the implementation of their needs based on Maslow’s hierarchy. This traditional formula includes physiological, safety, emotional, esteem, and self-actualization aspects that are actual for children. In this research they will be adapted to the age group of 6-8-year-olds with...
Introduction The rise in the behavior of cohabitation has seen the rate of marriage, especially among the African Americans decline over the years. According to Hattery and Smith (2007), “African American women are twice as likely to have never been married (41.9%) than their white counterparts” (p. 44). The issue...
Social media is one of the key tools for influencing people and disseminating information. Despite the great benefits and communication opportunities they provide, they remain a serious way of controlling. People do not always notice the smallest details that affect their consciousness, but social media can shape society. This essay...
Malicious software is the software built for the purpose of destroying data or to cause dysfunction of the computer. The malicious software can reach a computer through data transfer from an external interface such as network connection or external storage device. In order to protect a computer the security software...
Introduction Today, the US government works hard to provide its citizens with good living conditions and appropriate services. As a result, many amendments and policies have already been developed and approved. At the same time, specific issues should be discussed and investigated. The improvement of health care is an obligation...
Psychology studies the human mind and aspects of behavior, a practice that has existed since the ancient Greeks and Egyptians. Psychology had been a subject and branch of philosophy until 1870s, when the subject grew independent in countries, especially Germany (Schultz & Schultz, 2011). Psychology, as we know it today...
Introduction According to Ex-Special Agent Robert Wright Jr., the FBI had evidence that the World Trade Center was a possible target. Wright also complained that when he tried to pursue certain terrorist investigations, he faced retaliation from his bosses. He said “virtually no effort on the part of the FBI’s...
Intranet refers to the network that facilitates communication among the staff of an organization. It is comprised of several private computers in an organization interconnected with each other through a network or networks (Mitchell par. 1). An intranet allows efficient communication and information sharing, thereby enhancing the “knowledge base” of...
Abstract The core components of police, criminal courts, and correctional agencies that are emended into the criminal justice system work to administer justice to the offender and the offended. However, the media has a strong influence on the policies of the criminal justice system core components in the procedures used...
Introduction The United States of America has enacted numerous labor laws aimed at the protection of both employers and employees. However, the necessity and the effect of many such laws on the stakeholders often fall under question. Thus, the most debated laws in the country are Right-to-Work laws. This essay...
Introduction Global energy provision and the sustainability of development rely upon the production, supply and distribution of oil and gas – to a great extent. Due to the vital nature of this sector, there is a pressing need for changes: adapting to the changes in production, markets, locations and methods....
Introduction Security has no alternative and must be provided to civilians at all levels. This includes protection of property and life against any form of abuse. There are various police departments that handle different security issues. This essay will address policing issues related to local, state and federal levels. Background...
The ability to choose an effective method of communication in health care depends on the surrounding situation. In this scenario, it is very important for the administrator of the local nursing home to communicate to the residents on the changes being made to the nursing home and the effect of...
Research methodology The systematic way of solving one’s research problems is defined as one’s research methodology. It denotes the procedures that researchers use to explain, predict, and describe the phenomenon. Therefore, research methodology guides the process of gathering knowledge. Research methods may be identical in two papers but their methodology...
Introduction Natural disasters can strike with little or no warning. When a disaster such as a deluge strikes, Noah’s ark may really come in handy. A natural calamity leaves in its wake not only the loss of property but also more importantly the lives of people caused by death. It...
Recent advances in health care in the United States are presented by the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) in 2010. In particular, the Act provides coverage for people regardless of medical position, gender, age, and pre-existing conditions. The reform also guarantees individual mandate health insurance for individuals (American...
The criminal justice system specifies the responsibilities of all members who take part in court proceedings. Some of these responsibilities include collecting evidence, reporting crimes, carrying out trials and sentencing (Carlson, 2005). The chief goal of any criminal justice system is to enhance public security by cutting down rates of...
Introduction Businesses today have become very competitive. Customers in the modern world have become more and more enlightened on the quality of services they expect to be offered by various business organizations. Business organizations should therefore create better mechanisms of tackling technical challenges experienced when doing business. This study will...
A research process is a study based on scientific survey backed by a logic explanation of cause and reaction. In any research, there has to be an initial assumption of the possible occurrences. These assumptions in research are referred to hypothesis. After formulating an assumption or a hypothesis, the researcher...
History of Stem Cell Research Legislation Stem cell research is a study on human embryonic stem cells conducted by USA researchers in the 1960s. This resulted in several complaints being filed concerning the research. In return, many questions emerged about these cells by the researchers. In 1968, they achieved a...
When one talks of due process or getting “due rights”, it simply implies the legal proceedings that they feel are justly entitled to them in their interaction with the law. In other words, this is what Due Process means. The Due Process is characterized by the thinking that the rights...
Introduction In this case study, an office assistant for Dr. Williams called Jerry is trained as a medical assistant and is a Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN). Jerry is covering for a receptionist who has gone out for lunch and in the event he is faced with a difficult situation to...
The practices of euthanasia and assisted suicide among medical practitioners in Canada are deemed illegal by the Canadian law. The concepts of such law were challenged by the perception of individuals’ rights to self-determination. There is a big difference between assisted suicide and euthanasia. Assisted suicide is the act of...
Introduction Human Genome Project was formed by the US section of Energy and other Human Genome Programs. The project began in 1990 and was to last for 15 years but technological improvements led to its early completion in 2003. Its main aim was to distinguish human genetic material by finding...
Introduction Torture has been a lasting practice among people due to its ability to extract important information from people. However, the practice is inhumane and harmful to all participants, and discussions about its morality have been ongoing for a long time. As with many other similar issues, the many different...
Sciences and in-depth knowledge about human and animal genetics have received extensive attention and reached heights that were not expected. Modifications to the genetic information and the types of outcomes have been surprising but at the same time, met with some displeasement. This sort of engineering has resulted in modified...
Introduction The security and safety of the public is among the major concerns for any government. For these reasons, justice systems aimed at enhancing the security of their citizens were adopted by the state government. The police and the courts play a major role in security related issues. While the...
Phylogeny The planarians, like Dugesia, are one of the types of non-parasitic flatworms that have been an object of numerous investigations and studies due to their phylogeny, anatomy, ecology, and even regeneration peculiarities (Ruppert, Fox, Barnes, 2004). About 70 species of Dugesia are already known (aenigma, japonica, notogaea, etc.), and...